Hassan Abbas

SID: 5655

Course Navigation Guidance & Controls

A runway safety area (RSA) or runway end safety area (RESA) is defined as “the surface surrounding the runway prepared or suitable for reducing the risk of damage to airplanes in the event of an undershoot, overshoot, or excursion from the runway.”

ADF DESIGN:

Runway guidance

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Runway Edge Lights are used to outline the edges of runways during periods of darkness or restricted visibility conditions. These light systems are classified according to the intensity they are capable of producing:

• High Intensity Runway Lights (HIRL)
• Medium Intensity Runway Lights (MIRL)
• Low Intensity Runway Lights (LIRL)

The HIRL and MIRL systems have variable intensity controls, whereas the LIRLs normally have one intensity setting. Runway edge lights are white, except on instrument runways where yellow replaces white on the last 600 meters (2,000 ft) or half the runway length (whichever is less), to form a caution zone for landings. The lights marking the ends of the runway emit red light toward the runway to indicate the end of runway to a departing aircraft and emit green outward from the runway end to indicate the threshold to landing aircraft.

GYRO

Ring laser gyro

A ring laser gyroscope consists of a ring laser having two counter-propagating modes over the same path in order to detect rotation. It operates on the principle of the Sagnac effect which shifts the nulls of the internal standing wave pattern in response to angular rotation.

Fiber optic gyroscope

A fiber optic gyroscope senses changes in orientation, thus performing the function of a mechanical gyroscope. However its principle of operation is instead based on the interference of light which has passed through a coil of optical fiber which can be as long as 5 km.

Radar

Primary Surveillance Radar

A ground-based radar system that measures distance and bearing to an aircraft based solely on radar reflection.

Secondary Surveillance Radar

Secondary surveillance radar is a radar system used in air traffic control, that not only detects and measures the position of aircraft i.e. range and bearing, but also requests additional information from the aircraft itself such as its identity and altitude.

ILS

An instrument landing system (ILS) is a radio beam transmitter that provides a direction for approaching aircraft that tune their receiver to the ILS frequency. It provides both lateral and a vertical signals. It is a ground-based instrument approach system that provides precision guidance to an aircraft approaching and landing on a runway, using a combination of radio signals and, in many cases, high-intensity lighting arrays to enable a safe landing during instrument meteorological conditions (IMC), such as low ceilings or reduced visibility due to fog, rain, or blowing snow.

An instrument approach procedure chart (or approach plate) is published for each ILS approach to provide the information needed to fly an ILS approach during instrument flight rules (IFR) operations. A chart includes the radio frequencies used by the ILS components or navaids and the prescribed minimum visibility requirements.

Radio-navigation aids must provide a certain accuracy (set by international standards of CAST/ICAO); to ensure this is the case, flight inspectionorganizations periodically check critical parameters with properly equipped aircraft to calibrate and certify ILS precision.

Navigation illustrations

ADSB

ADS-B, which consists of two different services, “ADS-B Out” and “ADS-B In”, could be replacing radar as the primary surveillance method for controlling aircraft worldwide. In the United States, ADS-B is an integral component of the NextGen national airspace strategy for upgrading or enhancing aviation infrastructure and operations. The ADS-B system can also provide traffic and government generated graphical weather information through TIS-B and FIS-Bapplications.^[6] ADS-B enhances safety by making an aircraft visible, realtime, to ATC and to other appropriately equipped ADS-B aircraft with position and velocity data transmitted every second. ADS-B data can be recorded and downloaded for post-flight analysis. ADS-B also provides the data infrastructure for inexpensive flight tracking, planning, and dispatch.

"ADS-B Out" periodically broadcasts information about each aircraft, such as identification, current position, altitude, and velocity, through an onboard transmitter. ADS-B Out provides air traffic controllers with real-time position information that is, in most cases, more accurate than the information available with current radar-based systems. With more accurate information, ATC will be able to position and separate aircraft with improved precision and timing.

"ADS-B In" is the reception by aircraft of FIS-B and TIS-B data and other ADS-B data such as direct communication from nearby aircraft.

The system relies on two avionics components—a high-integrity GPS navigation source and a datalink (ADS-B unit). There are several types of certified ADS-B data links, but the most common ones operate at 1090 MHz, essentially a modified Mode S transponder, or at 978 MHz. The FAA would like to see aircraft that exclusively operate below 18,000 feet (5,500 m) use the 978 MHz link since this will help alleviate further congestion of the 1090 MHz frequency. To obtain ADS-B out capability at 1090 MHz, one can install a new transponder or modify an existing transponder if the manufacturer offers an ADS-B upgrade, plus install a certified GPS position source if one is not already present.

 Reblog

Goniometer

It is used as a navigational instrument.A goniometer is an instrument that either measures an angle or allows an object to be rotated to a precise angular position. The term goniometry is derived from two Greek words, gōnia, meaning angle, and metron, meaning measure.It is not strictly necessary to rotate the loop mechanically in order to find the null.Instead, two fixed loops may be placed at right angles to each other and their electrical outputs combined in goniometer.It has two fixed windings at right angles to each other,each set connected to one loop