Hassan Abbas

SID: 5655

Course Navigation Guidance & Controls

A runway safety area (RSA) or runway end safety area (RESA) is defined as “the surface surrounding the runway prepared or suitable for reducing the risk of damage to airplanes in the event of an undershoot, overshoot, or excursion from the runway.”

ADF DESIGN:

Runway guidance

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Runway Edge Lights are used to outline the edges of runways during periods of darkness or restricted visibility conditions. These light systems are classified according to the intensity they are capable of producing:

• High Intensity Runway Lights (HIRL)
• Medium Intensity Runway Lights (MIRL)
• Low Intensity Runway Lights (LIRL)

The HIRL and MIRL systems have variable intensity controls, whereas the LIRLs normally have one intensity setting. Runway edge lights are white, except on instrument runways where yellow replaces white on the last 600 meters (2,000 ft) or half the runway length (whichever is less), to form a caution zone for landings. The lights marking the ends of the runway emit red light toward the runway to indicate the end of runway to a departing aircraft and emit green outward from the runway end to indicate the threshold to landing aircraft.

GYRO

Ring laser gyro

A ring laser gyroscope consists of a ring laser having two counter-propagating modes over the same path in order to detect rotation. It operates on the principle of the Sagnac effect which shifts the nulls of the internal standing wave pattern in response to angular rotation.

Fiber optic gyroscope

A fiber optic gyroscope senses changes in orientation, thus performing the function of a mechanical gyroscope. However its principle of operation is instead based on the interference of light which has passed through a coil of optical fiber which can be as long as 5 km.

Radar

Primary Surveillance Radar

A ground-based radar system that measures distance and bearing to an aircraft based solely on radar reflection.

Secondary Surveillance Radar

Secondary surveillance radar is a radar system used in air traffic control, that not only detects and measures the position of aircraft i.e. range and bearing, but also requests additional information from the aircraft itself such as its identity and altitude.

ILS

An instrument landing system (ILS) is a radio beam transmitter that provides a direction for approaching aircraft that tune their receiver to the ILS frequency. It provides both lateral and a vertical signals. It is a ground-based instrument approach system that provides precision guidance to an aircraft approaching and landing on a runway, using a combination of radio signals and, in many cases, high-intensity lighting arrays to enable a safe landing during instrument meteorological conditions (IMC), such as low ceilings or reduced visibility due to fog, rain, or blowing snow.

An instrument approach procedure chart (or approach plate) is published for each ILS approach to provide the information needed to fly an ILS approach during instrument flight rules (IFR) operations. A chart includes the radio frequencies used by the ILS components or navaids and the prescribed minimum visibility requirements.

Radio-navigation aids must provide a certain accuracy (set by international standards of CAST/ICAO); to ensure this is the case, flight inspectionorganizations periodically check critical parameters with properly equipped aircraft to calibrate and certify ILS precision.

Navigation illustrations